Cost Effective Management of Leafhopper Amrasca Biguttula Biguttula (Ishida) Infesting Okra in Southern Punjab (Pakistan)
Keywords:
Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, okra, Action threshold, Yield.Abstract
Leafhopper is a sap cell sucker of the okra plant. It damages the plants by inserting toxic materials in the leaves, as a result crop showed symptoms of discoloration of leaves and stunted growth of plants which result in yield losses. There was sufficient need for determining the action threshold level to avoid blind chemical sprays for the management of leafhopper. The present study examined the effect of different levels of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) yield to identify the economic threshold for leafhopper populations and the most appropriate timing of insecticide application. Field trials were conducted in Multan, Pakistan in 2010 and 2012 and in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2012. Crops were sprayed with imidacloprid when the mean population of leafhopper nymphs and adults reached 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 per leaf. The total number of sprays required at different population thresholds varied between 2 and 5 sprays on per treatment plot.
Based on the cost of spraying and increased net return due to reduced leafhopper damage, spraying crops when the infestation was 1-1.5 leafhoppers/leaf was found to be the most cost effective, giving the highest net returns compared with the untreated controls.
References
Anonymous 2012, Fruit, vegetable and condiments statistics of Pakistan 2011-2012. [http://www.agricorner.com/production-status-of-major-vegetables-in-pakistan-their-problems-and-suggestions/#sthash.tmBAsJhv.dpuf]
Lal, K.M., Singh, S.P., Kumari, K., (2006). Bioefficacy of betacyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid against jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in okra. Plant Protec. Bull. (Faridabad). 57 (3/4): 37-40.
Ali, M., Ashfaq, M., Akram, W., Sahi, S. T.; Amjad, A., 2012. The physio-morphic characters of the Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) plant and their relationship with the jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) population fluctuation. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49, 67-71.
Aziz, M.A., Hasan, M., Ali, A., 2011. Impact of abiotic factors on incidence of fruit and shoot infestation of spotted bollworms Earias spp. on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Pak. J. Zool. 43, 863-868.
Juraske, R., Anto
Juraske, R., Christopher, L.M., Franziska, S., Hellwega, S., 2009. Life cycle human toxicity assessment of pesticides: comparing fruit and vegetable diets in Switzerland and the UnitedStates. Chemosphere, 77, 939
Arora, S.; Gopal, M., 2002. Status of pesticide residues in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.): Indian Scenario. Ann. Agric Res., 23: 352
Radwan, M.A., Salama, A.K., 2006. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1273
Nieto, L.M., Hodaifa, G., Casanovac, M.S., 2009. Elimination of pesticide residues from virgin olive oil by ultraviolet light: preliminary results. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 555
Nia, Y., Xiao, W., Kokot, S., 2009. Application of chemometrics methods for the simultaneous kinetic spectrophotometric determination of aminocarb and carbaryl in vegetable and water samples. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 1239
Jiang, Y.F., Wang, X.T., Jia, Y., Wang, F., Wu, M.H., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M., 2009. Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 170, 989
Mayank, B., Ajay, T., 2007. Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India. Chemosphere 69, 63
Pedigo, L.P., Hutchins, S.H., Higley, L.G., 1986. Economic injury levels in theory and practice. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 341
Agarwal, N., Bhanot, J. P., Sharma, S. S., 2000. Determination of economic threshold of leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on okra. JNKVV Res. J., 34, 38-41.
Kumari, K., Paras, N., Rai, A.B., 2009. Population dynamics and economic threshold level of Amrasca biguttula biguttula ishida in okra. veg. sci. 36, 43-46.
Singh, G., Kaushik, S.K., 1990. Comparative efficacy of sampling techniques for jassid population estimation on okra. Indian J. Eco. 17: 58-60.
Higley, L.G., Pedigo, L. P., 1996. Introduction to pest management and thresholds. In: Higley LG, Pedigo LP, editors. Economic threshold for integrated pest management, pp. 3-9. University of Nebraska Press.
Ishtiaq, M., Razaq, M., Saleem, M. A., Anjum, F., Noor ul Ane, M., Raza A. M., Wright, D. J., 2014. Stability, cross-resistance and fitness costs of resistance to emamectin benzoate in a re-selected field population of the Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Prot. (65) 227-231.
Iqbal, J., Hasan, M., Ashfaq, M., Sahi, T. S., Ali, A., 2008. Screening of Okra genotypes against jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 45: 448-451.
Markose, B.L. & Peter, K.V., 1990. Okra. Review of research on vegetables and tuber crops. Technical Bulletin 16. Kerala Agricultural University Press, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. pp, 109.
Backus, E.A., Serrano, M.S., Ranger, C.M., 2005. Mechanisms of hopperburn: an overview of insect taxonomy, behavior and physiology. Annual Review of Entomology, 50, 125
Singh, G., Brar, K.S., 1994. Effects of dates of sowing on the incidence of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and Earias species on okra. Indian. J. Ecol. 21, 140
Ahmad, Z.M., Attique, R., Rashid, A., 1986. An estimate of the loss in cotton yield in Pakistan attributable to the jassid Amrasca devastans Dist. Crop Prot. 5:105
Banerjee, S.K., Katiyar, K.N., Butani, D.K., 1977. Assessment of plant protection requirement of some cotton varieties to control the jassid. Entomol-Newsl 7, 7
Bushara, A.G., Kanan, H.O., 1997. Economic threshold level for jassid on long and short staple cotton. In: Dabrowski ZT (ed) Integrated pest management in vegetables, wheat and cotton in the Sudan. A participatory approach, FAO/government of the Sudan cooperative project, Wad Medani, pp 194
Akbar, M. F., Haq, M. A., Yasmin, N., Naqvi, S.N.H., Khan, M. F., 2012. Management of potato leafhopper (Amrasca devastans Dist.) with biopesticides in comparison with conventional pesticides on autumn potato crop. Pakistan J. Zool., 44(2): 313-320.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.