Grammatical Metaphor in Turkish Classrooms
Keywords:
Systemic Functional Linguistics, grammatical metaphor, nominalization, classroom discourse.Abstract
In the last decades there has been considerable work on academic literacy practices in schools. In particular, there have been attempts to map out the lexico-grammatical features of the language of schooling. One such feature is grammatical metaphor. Grammatical metaphor is an important linguistic device construing knowledge in school. In order to be successful at school, the student is expected to organize knowledge in certain ways including the use of grammatical metaphor, a notion frequently dealt with in Systemic Functional Linguistics. This study takes the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics to explore the types of grammatical metaphor in the form of nominalization in classroom discourse. Nominalization, a meaning making mechanism, is one of the important stylistic features of academic discourse. In this respect, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe knowledge building in the Turkish classroom. To examine the discourse patterns of the spoken language of schooling, 8 teachers teaching Turkish to different grades at different schools were video-recorded in their classes with their students. These recordings have been fully transcribed verbatim into scripts and analyzed in term of nominalization use. The findings of our research revealed that the deployment and distribution of nominalization differentiate depending on teacher gender and teacher experience. However, these differences were statistically not significant. This study can have some implications for developing children
References
T. Bloor and M. Bloor. (2004). The Functional Analysis of English. (2nd second edition). London: Arnold.
M.A.K. Halliday. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. (2nd second edition). London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1993). Towards a language-based theory of learning. Linguistics and Education, 5(2), 93
D. Rose and J. R. Martin. (2012). Learning to write, reading to learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School. London: Equinox.
M. Gebhard, I. Chen and L. Britton (2014). "Miss, nominalization is a nominalization: English language learners
L. Unsworth. (1998).
K. L. O
M. J. Schleppegrell. (2001). "Linguistic features of the language of schooling." Linguistics and Education,12 (4), pp. 431-459.
M. J. Schleppegrell. (2004). The Language of Schooling: A Functional Linguistics Perspective. Mahwah: New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
B. Mohan, C. Leung and C. Davison. (2001). English as a Second Language in the Mainstream. Harlow: Longman.
S. Arkoudis. (2005). "Fusing pedagogic horizons: Language and content teaching in the mainstream." Linguistics and Education, 16(2), pp. 173
M. Achugar and H. J. Schleppegrell. (2005). "Beyond connectors: The construction of cause in history textbooks." Linguistics and Education, 16(3), pp. 298
C. Davison. (2005). "Learning your lines: Negotiating language and content in subject English." Linguistics and Education, 16(4), pp. 219-237.
S. Hood. (2008). "Summary writing in academic contexts: Implicating meaning in processes of change." Linguistics and Education, 19(4), pp. 351-365.
F. Christie and B. Derewianka. (2008). School discourse: Learning to Write Across the Years of Schooling. London: Continuum.
J. R .Martin and D. Rose. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox.
M.A.K. Halliday. (1998). Things and Relations: Regrammaticising Experience as Technical Knowledge. In J.R. Martin and R. Veel (eds) Reading Science:Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science (pp. 185-236). London: Routledge.
M.A.K. Halliday and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen. (1999). Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition. London: Cassell.
M.A.K. Halliday and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
M.A.K. Halliday. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. (1st edition). London: Edward Arnold
M.A.K. Halliday and J.R. Martin. (1993). Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power. London and Washington.
D. Banks. (2003). The evolution of grammatical metaphor in scientific writing. In A. Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, and L. Ravelli (eds) Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics, (pp.127-147). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
I. Lassen. (2003). Accessibility and Acceptability in Technical Manuals. A Survey of Style and Grammatical metaphor. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
L. Ravelli. (1988). Grammatical metaphor: An initial analysis. In: E. Steiner and R. Veltman, Editors, Pragmatics, discourse and text, some systemically inspired approaches (pp.133
L. Ravelli. (2003). Integrating theory and practice in an understanding of Grammatical Metaphor. In A.-M. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers and L.J. Ravelli (Eds.) Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics (pp.37-65). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
M. Taverniers. (2003). "Grammatical Metaphor in SFL". In A.-M. Simon-Vandenbergen,M. Taverniers and L.J. Ravelli (Eds.) Grammatical Metaphor: Views fromSystemic Functional Linguistics (pp. 5-33). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
B. Derewianka. (2003).
C. Painter. (2003). "The use of metaphorical mode of meaning in early language development". In A. M. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers & L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics (pp. 151
J. Torr, and A. Simpson, A. (2003). "The emergence of grammatical metaphor: Literacy-oriented expressions in the everyday speech of young children". In A. M. Simon-Vandenbergen, M.Taverniers and L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic
M. J. Schleppegrell. (2009). "Language in academic subject areas and classroom instruction: what is academic language and how can we teach it?" Internet: www.mydigitalchalkboard.org/cognoti/content/file/resources/documents/98/98c3e7f4/98c3e7f49b44eaa5ee60b45939df619b4593afc7/Schleppegrell.pdf [Jan. 10, 2016].
G. Huang. (2002). "Education and Linguistics. Hallidayan Linguistics in China." World Englishes Vol. 21 No.2, pp. 281
E. Maager
K. Plemenitas. (1998). "The Role of Grammatical Metaphor in Certain Types of Discourse in English and Slovene". In Ciglar-Zanic, J, Kalogjera, D. and J. Jemersic, (Eds). British Cultural Studies: Cross Cultural Challenges: Conference Proceedings. Zagreb, 26-28 Feb1998, 183
E. Steiner. (2001). "Intralingual and interlingual versions of a text - how specific is the notion of translation?" In E.Steiner and C. Yallop. (Eds.) Exploring Translation and Multilingual Text production: Beyond Content. Series Text, Translation, Computational Processing (pp. 161-190). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
E. Steiner. (2002). "Grammatical Metaphor in Translation
E. Steiner. (2004). "Ideational Grammatical Metaphor: Exploring Some Implications for the overall model." Languages in Contrast 4(1), pp. 137-164.
M. St
M. St
Y. Yang. (2008). "Typological interpretation of differences between Chinese and English in grammatical metaphor." Language Sciences 30, pp. 450
L. Yuan-yuan. (2006). "Dealing with Grammatical Metaphor in E-C Translation." Exploring Functional Grammar Volume 4, No.11 (Serial No.38), CLUEB.
F. Christie. (2012). Language education throughout the school years: A functional perspective. New York: Wiley-Blackwel
D. Rose and J.R. Martin. (2012). Learning to write, reading to learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School. London: Equinox.
J. Kornfilt. (1997). Turkish. London: Routledge.
A. G
L. Oktar and S. Ya?c?o?lu. (1995). "T
G. van Schaaik. (2001). Bosphorus papers: Studies in Turkish Grammar 1996-1999. ?stanbul: Bo?azi
B. T
H.
Cengiz,
R. Underhill. (1976). Turkish Grammar. Cambridge. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
S. Ko
E. Erguvanl?. (1984). The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
E. Sezer. "Issues in Turkish Syntax". Unpublished Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge. Massachusetts, 1991.
A. Pamir-Dietrich. (1995). "An Analysis of Subordinate Clauses in Turkish." Dilbilim Ara?t?rmalar? (Journal of Linguistics Research), pp. 182-196.
N. E. Uzun. (2000). Ana
P. Hannesy and T. Giv
Y. Yald?r. "A study on nouns and nominal projections in Turkish." Unpublished Master Thesis. Mersin University, Turkey, 1999.
Y. Yald?r. "Syntactic Nominalizations In Turkish: A Principles And Parameters Framework." Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
J. Huttenlocher, H. Waterfall, M. Vasilyeva, J. Vevea and L.V. Hedges. (2010). "Sources of variability in children
M. Rowe. (2012). "A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child directed speech in vocabulary development." Child Development, 83(5), pp. 1762-1774.
J. S. Cameron. "Comprehend to comprehension: Teaching nominalization to secondary ELD teachers." M.A. thesis, University of California, Davis, 2011.
Z. Fang, M. J. Schleppegrell and B. E. Cox. (2006). "Understanding the language demands of schooling: Nouns in academic registers." Journal of Literacy Research, 38, pp. 247
L.A. Wood and R. O. Kroger (2000). Doing discourse analysis. Methods for studying action in talk and text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
D.Y. Devrim, Development of grammatical metaphor in academic literacy though online language support. Australia: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Sydney 2013.
D.Y. Devrim, (2015). Teaching grammatical metaphor: Designing pedagogical interventions. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
