Variability of Cone Index on Seedling Emergence Rate and Growth Establishment of Cowpea in a Sandy Loam Soil (Eutric Leptosol)
Keywords:
Cone index, Penetration resistance, Precision agriculture, Spatial variability, Seedling emergence rate,Abstract
A field study using the Randomized Blocks Design on nine plots each 2.5 m wide by 2.0 m long planted with local cowpea variety was conducted to determine the spatial variability of Cone Index (CI) and its effect on seedling emergence and growth establishment under different tillage systems. Results of the different tillage systems revealed that effect of CI on seedling emergence rate and plant heights was significant (p>0.01 and p>0.05) at mean CI values 2.44, 2.25 and 1.86 MPa for Zero Tillage (T0), Primary Tillage (T1) and Secondary Tillage (T2) respectively. Significant spatial variations of CI was observed within each of the tested plots with CI values ranging between 2.60 to 3.31 MPa for both T0 and T1 plots located centrally, while lower CI values between 1.18 to 1.89 MPa for T2 plots were predominantly located at the periphery. Results revealed that the critical values, CI (CIcrit.), for T0, T1 and T2 significant at p>0.05 was 0.32, 0.54 and 0.26 MPa respectively, suggesting that such CI around the mean values under different tillage systems influenced seedling emergence and plant heights. Moreover, the cowpea seedlings were shown to be non-significantly influenced by the CI at values greater than CIcrit. Generally, for the different tillage operations, the cone index negatively correlated with both the seedling emergence rate and plant heights at r
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