The Influence of Heavy Metal Levels on Autism Case in Bontang and Samarinda City, East Kalimantan – Indonesia
Keywords:
Autism, Environment, Heavy metalsAbstract
Autism is a disorder of pervasive development in children, which until now, the exact cause is unknown. The strongest allegations are genetic and environmental factors, especially heavy metals. To observe the influence of the environment (heavy metals) on the incidence of autism in two cities located in East Kalimantan (Bontang and Samarinda). measurements of heavy metal levels were carried out in each of the 30 autistic children and 10 control children respectively. Furthermore, with a case control study design, a comparison between the levels of heavy metals in autistic patients' hair and hair control was done.
Also by measuring the levels of heavy metals in shells, fish, vegetables, water and soil and comparing the results with heavy metals in the hair. As the results, the levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were higher in autism children’s compared to controls, but cadmium (Cd) levels were no difference between autistic and control hair, both in Samarinda and Bontang. Likewise, in environmental samples (shellfish, fish, vegetables, water and soil) there was an elevation of As, Hg, and Pb levels in some samples which corresponded to As, Hg and Pb levels in autistic sufferers' hair, but there were no environmental samples were found to have high levels of cadmium. This is also in accordance with the cadmium levels in sufferers'hair and control. High levels of heavy metals detected in children with ASDs at two cities in East Kalimantan indicate a correlation with environmental exposure. Further comprehensive investigations are recommended to assess environmental hazards at this location.
References
. W.Hay , M.J.Levin , R.Deterding, M.J.Abzug, J.M.Sondheimer. Current Diagnosis & Treatment Pediatrics, 21th edn, New York, Mc Graw Hill Medical ,2012, pp. 104-107.
Y. Kim , B.Leventhal , Y.Koh , E.Fombonne , E.Laska , E. Lim , K. Cheon , S. Kim , Y. Kim , H. Lee , D.Song , R. Grinker . Prevalence of Autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. American J Psychiatry in Advance , (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101532), pp 1-9, 2011.
D.A.Geier , B.S. Hooker , J.K.Kern , P.G.King , L.K.Sykes , M.R.Geier . A Two-phase study evaluating the relationship between Thimerosal-containing vaccine administration and the risk for an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in the United States. Translational Neurodegeneration, vol. 2 (25). Pp. 2-12,2013.
Anies . Penyakit tidak menular akibat pencemaran logam berat. In : Penyakit berbasis lingkungan. Yogyakarta. AR-RUZZ Media, 2015, pp. 57-65.
D. Sharpe , D. Baker . Financial issues associated with having a child with autism.J Fam Econ Iss,vol. 2 , pp. 247-264, 2007.
K. Irianto . Epidemiologi penyakit menular dan tidak menular, Panduan klinis. Bandung : Penerbit Alfabeta, 2013, pp. 265-279.
J. Kern , A.Jones . Evidens of Toxicity, Oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 9, pp. 485-499, 2006
M.E.B. Farida . Assessment of hair aluminium , lead and mercury in a sample of Autistic Egyptian Children :Environment Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in autism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Article ID 545674, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/545674, 2015.
M.S. Schwartz , J.L.Benci , D.S. Selote , K. Anuj , A.K. Sharma , Ag.Chen , H. Dang , H. Fares , O.K.Vatamaniuk . Detoxification of multiple heavy metals by a half molecule ABC transpotter, HMT-1, and coelomocytes of Caenorhabditis elegans, PLoS One, vol.5 (3), e9564, 2010.
M.A. Hassanien , A.M.El Shahawy . Environmental heavy metals and mental disorders of children in Developing Countries. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0253-0_1, 2011.MS
E.Busch , O.Amin , H. Dessoki , T.Rabah . Toxic metals and essensial elements in hair and severity of symptoms among children with autism. Maedica – A J of Medicine, vol. 7 (1), pp. 38-48, 2012.
L. Evrenoglou , A.S. Partsinevelou , S.Nicolopoulou . Correlation between concentrations of heavy metals in children’s scalp hair and the environment. A case study from Kifissos River in Attica, Greece. Global Nest Journal , vol. 19 (4), pp. 592-600, 2017.
M.D.Majewska, E.Urbanowics, P.R. Bujko, I Namyslowska, P.Mierzejewski. Age dependent lower or higher level of hair mercury in autistic children than in healthy controls. Acta Neurobiol Exp, vol.70, pp. 14-26.
J.K.Kern , D.A.Geier , L.K. Sykes , B.E.Haley , M.R.Geier . The relationship between mercury and autism : a comprehensive review and discussion. Journal of Trace Element in Medicine and Biology, vol. 37, pp. 8-24, 2016.
S.J. McKean , S.M.Bartell , RL.Hansen , G.H. Barfod , P.G.Green , I.H.Picciotto . Prenatal mercury exposure ,autism, and developmental delay, using pharmacokinetic combination of newborn blood concentrations and questionnaire data : a case control study. Environmental Health ,vol 14, pp. 62, 2015
M.H.Rahbar , M.S.Vaughan , K.A.Loveland KA et al. Seafood consumption and blood mercury concentration in Jamaican Children eith and without autism spectrum disorders. NIH Public Access. Vol. 23 (1), pp. 22-38. Doi: 10.1007/s12640-012-9321, 2013.
B.Wright B, H. Pearce , V. Allgar , J. Miles , C.Whitton et al. A Comparisonof Urinary Mercury between Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Control Children. PLoS ONE , vol. 7, pp. 1-6, 2012.
S.S.Yalcin , K. Yurdakok , S.Yalcin , D.E.Karasimav , T.Coskun . Maternal and environmental determinants of breast-milk mercury consentrations . The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 52, pp.1-9, 2010.
D.K. Akyuzlu , Z.Kayaalti , E. Soylemez , T. Soylemezoglu . Association between autism and arsenic, lead ,cadmium, manganese levels in hair and urine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol 2, pp.140-144, 2014.
A. Emmanuel , Y. Simon Y. Environmental lead exposure and its impacton t he health of children , pregnant women and the general population in Haiti, vol. 6 (3), pp. 5-11, 2018.
J.B.Adams , T. Audhya T, Means Sharon MD, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, et al. Toxocological status of Children with Autism vs. Neurotypical Children and the Association with Autism Severity. Biol Trace Elem Res, DOI 10.1007/s12011-012-9551-1, 2012.
M.H.Rahbar MH, M.S.Vaughan , A.S. Dickerson , K.A.Loveland , M.A.Hessabi .Factors associated with blood lead concentration of children in Jamaica .J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng , vol 50 (6), pp. 529-539, 2016.
A. Bandjar . Kadar logam timbal (Pb) pada rambut polisi lalu lintas di kecamatan Sirimau Kota Ambon. In : Seminar Nasional Basic Science II , Proseding, 2010.
E. Mahawati . Faktor-faktor risiko paparan Pb. Jurnal Visikes vol. 10 (2), pp. 153-159, 2011.
D. Mayaserly , Retnowati, M . Analisis kadar logam timbal (Pb) pada rambut karyawan SPBU. Journal of Saintek . vol 9 (1), pp. 19-25, 2017.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 tahun2017 Tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran logam berat dalam pangan olahan ; Jakarta. 2017.
K.A.Ariansyah , K.Yuliati , R.Hanggita . Analisis kandungan logam berat (Pb, Hg, Cu dan As) pada kerupuk kemplang di desa Tebing Gerinting Utara, Kecamatan Indralaya Selatan, Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Fishtech, vol 1, pp. 69-77, 2012.
US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency Document’ A Framework for ecological risk assessment’ EPA/630/R-92/001. 1992. Washington DC . 45 p. 1992
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
